Tài liệu INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY pdf

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INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY
A Reference Handbook
Aaron Schwabach
CONTEMPORARY
WORLD ISSUES
Santa Barbara, California
Denver, Colorado
Oxford, England
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Copyright © 2007 by ABC-CLIO, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior
permission in writing from the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Schwabach, Aaron.
Intellectual property : a reference handbook / Aaron Schwabach.
p. cm. — (Contemporary world issues)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-59884-045-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) —
ISBN 978-1-59884-046-9 (ebook : alk paper) 1. Intellectual property —
United States. 2. Intellectual property (International law) I. Title.
KF2979.S39 2007
346.7304—dc22
2007001209
11 10 09 08 07 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ABC-CLIO, Inc.
130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911
Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911
This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an ebook.
Visit www.abc-clio.com for details.
This book is printed on acid-free paper
Manufactured in the United States of America
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This book is dedicated to
Qienyuan, Veronica, Jessica, and Daniel.
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Contents
Preface, xiii
1 Background and History, 1
Development of Intellectual Property Rights and
Concepts, 1
Copyright: Invention of the Printing Press, 1
Trademark: From Bakers’ Marks to Metatags, 8
Patent, 12
Intellectual Property Law in the United States Today, 14
Copyright Overview, 14
Trademark Overview, 26
Patent Overview, 34
Summary, 41
Treaties, 42
Regulations, 43
Statutes and Legislative Materials, 43
Cases, 44
Sources and Further Reading, 46
2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions, 49
Patent, Copyright, and Computer Programs, 50
Is the Look and Feel of a Computer Program or a
Website Copyrightable?, 53
Is a Method of Doing Business Patentable?, 58
Is an Electronic Database Copyrightable?, 62
Can Content Owners Restrict or Prohibit the Sale of
Copying Devices?, 66
Copyright’s Front Line: File Sharing, 69
ix
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Copy Protection and Copyright, 82
Trademarks and the Web: Infringement and Fair Use
Online, 87
Trademarks and the Web: Cybersquatting, 90
Summary, 92
Treaties, 93
Statutes and Other Governmental Materials, 94
Cases, 94
Sources and Further Reading, 96
3 Worldwide Perspective, 99
Intellectual Property and International Law, 99
The World Wide Web, 104
The International Copyright Regime, 106
The International Trademark Regime, 114
The International Patent Regime, 116
Protection of Other Forms of Intellectual Property under
U.S. and International Law, 119
Summary, 123
Treaties, 123
European Union, ICANN, WIPO, and WTO
Documents, 126
Statutes and Legislative Materials, 127
Cases, 128
Sources and Further Reading, 128
4 Chronology, 131
5 Biographies, 149
Clara Barton, 149
Ernest Bourget, 151
Filippo Brunelleschi, 153
Laurens Coster, 155
Annie Ellsworth, 156
Johannes Gutenberg, 158
Victor Hugo, 159
Jon Lech Johansen, 160
Mary Kies, 162
Antonio Meucci, 163
Eadweard Muybridge, 164
Dmitri Sklyarov, 167
Jack Valenti, 169
x Contents
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Terri Welles, 171
Samuel Winslow and Joseph Jenks, 173
6 Data and Documents, 175
Copyright, 176
Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. § 102. Subject matter
of copyright: In general, 176
Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. § 106. Exclusive rights
in copyrighted works, 176
Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. § 107. Limitations on
exclusive rights: Fair use, 177
Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 1201.
Circumvention of copyright protection systems, 178
TRIPs: Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights, 185
Part II: Standards Concerning the Availability, Scope
and Use of Intellectual Property Rights, 185
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 125
S.Ct. 2764 (2005), 186
Trademark, 198
15 U.S.C. § 1125. False designations of origin, false
descriptions, and dilution forbidden, 198
Trademark Dilution Revision Act of 2006, 203
Trademark Dilution Revision Act of 2006, H.R.683, One
Hundred Ninth Congress of the United States of
America, 204
TRIPs: Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights, 208
Part II: Standards Concerning the Availability, Scope
and Use of Intellectual Property Rights, 208
Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World, Inc., 537 F.2d
4, 210
Patent, 213
Patent Act, 35 U.S.C. § 101. Inventions patentable, 214
Patent Act, 35 U.S.C. § 102. Conditions for
patentability; novelty and loss of right to patent, 214
Patent Act, 35 U.S.C. § 103. Conditions for
patentability; non-obvious subject matter, 215
TRIPs: Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights, 216
Part II: Standards Concerning the Availability, Scope
and Use of Intellectual Property Rights, 216
Contents xi
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In re Alappat, 33 F.3d 1526, 218
Endnotes, 222
7 Directory of Organizations, 225
8 Resources, 255
Books, 255
Similar Works, 256
Other Titles, 259
Journal, Magazine, and News Website Articles and
Pamphlets, 260
Journals, 264
U.S. Materials, 275
Federal Statutes, 276
Federal Cases, 291
State Case, 295
Treaties and Other International Agreements, 295
Other International and Foreign Materials, 298
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
Materials, 299
Other Web Resources, 300
Glossary, 303
Index, 307
About the Author, 318
xii Contents
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Preface
T
he human desire to claim property rights in an idea is innate,
as any child who has ever told another “Stop copying me!”
knows. Legal recognition of property in ideas, however—
intellectual property—is a comparatively recent phenomenon,
appearing centuries of millennia after the recognition of property
rights in objects and land.
Revolutions in technology bring about revolutions in law.
The human race has experienced four great revolutions in infor-
mation technology. The first, lost in prehistory and probably pre-
dating our emergence as a species, was language. The ability to
attach specific sound-symbols to specific thoughts is what makes
human civilization—including legal systems—possible. The sec-
ond revolution, the invention of writing, made more complex
legal systems possible. When written documents could only be
copied by hand, however, the incentive for making unauthorized
copies of entire works was limited—although disputes did arise,
including the possibly mythical dispute between St. Columba
and St. Finnian (discussed in Chapter 2) that may have led to
three thousand deaths.
The third revolution in information technology was the in-
vention of movable-type printing. The ability to reproduce
printed works quickly and easily created an incentive for printers
to copy the works of others, and a corresponding incentive for the
authors of those works to prevent unauthorized copying. Some
countries (Korea and England, for example) reacted by granting
monopolies to approved printers and forbidding all others from
operating printing presses. In addition to controlling unautho-
rized copying, this had the fringe benefit of preventing the print-
ing of any material criticizing the government. In many countries
xiii
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